Pesticide handling practices, occupational risks, and health expenses among Bangladeshi smallholder vegetable farmers

Overlooking fundamental safety measures when applying pesticides in agriculture endangers farmers' health, increases healthcare expenses, and harms the environment. It’s well-documented that Bangladeshi farmers use pesticides without taking enough precautions. Employing cross-sectional data, this study utilizes the theory of averting behavior model to assess pesticide handling practices, occupational hazards, and health expenditures among smallholder vegetable producers. While previous Bangladeshi studies focused solely on farmers' attitudes, knowledge, and practices regarding the use of pesticides, the current research identifies a critical gap and presents some new insights. The findings reveal that the application of safety equipment and pesticide container disposal methods was significantly influenced by farmers' investments in health and safety measures (P < 0. 05) and the health consequences (P < 0. 05) they faced. Farmers spent 4. 21 US dollars per farm on health and safety measures against pesticide exposure during the 2023 vegetable season. Most farmers were unaware of properly managing pesticide equipment and disposal techniques for pesticide containers. The logit model results also reveal that farmers were more likely to adhere to precautionary measures and dispose of empty pesticide containers correctly as their age, educational level, and participation in the IPM (Integrated Pest Management) training program increased. These findings emphasize the need for practical IPM training and farmers' educational programs to ensure safe pesticide use. Findings can assist policymakers in understanding the reasons behind the improper application and disposal of pesticide containers. Moreover, the research suggests improved pesticide handling practices can boost sustainable agriculture and reduce health and occupational risks in Bangladesh. • Pesticide handling, occupational risks, and health costs of producers were examined. • Farmers spent 4. 21 for each vegetable season on protection and health. • Most farmers hadn't properly managed pesticide equipment or disposed of containers. • Safe pesticide handling was driven by health concerns and costs. • Safe pesticide handling and disposal trainings can boost sustainable agriculture.