Women, menopause, hormone therapy, and cardiovascular disease: what WHI still teaches us in 2025, and where are we now?

Key Points

• Hormone therapy influences cardiovascular disease risk in women, showing complex relationships.
• The Women's Health Initiative data reveals critical insights that remain relevant in 2025 for managing cardiovascular health.
• Observational analysis highlights menopausal impacts on cardiovascular health and how interventions can mitigate risks.
• This study underscores the need for nuanced approaches to hormone therapy and cardiovascular care among women, emphasizing personalized health strategies.

Abstract