An interface-aware, conservative δR-Plus-SPH for granular slide–water interaction across subaerial–subaqueous regimes

Key Points

• Granular slide-water interactions were effectively modeled across subaerial and subaqueous regimes, enhancing predictive accuracy.
• The interface-aware approach demonstrated improvements in capturing fluid dynamics and material behavior, outperforming traditional methods.
• Assessment using δR-Plus-SPH highlighted significant advancements in simulating complex interactions under varying conditions.
• Results suggest enhanced modeling enables better predictions for landslides and fluid movements in natural environments.