Synergistic effect of lanthanum-modified bentonite and Vallisneria spiralis on antimony immobilization in aquatic environments

Key Points

• Antimony immobilization is significantly improved with lanthanum-modified bentonite and Vallisneria spiralis, indicating a strong synergy between them.
• The combined treatment achieved a reduction of over 60% in antimony levels, demonstrating its effectiveness in aquatic systems.
• Assessment using a laboratory-based experimental setup measuring the interaction between lanthanum and Vallisneria spiralis.
• This study suggests a novel, synergistic approach for bioremediation in aquatic environments; field trials needed.