Design of bike networks adaptive to heterogeneous demands and the needs of social groups. Case study: bike mobility networks for the cities of Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador

(English) Bike’s recognition as a vital form of urban transportation underscores its capacity to enhance mobility, improve quality of life, and address several urban challenges such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis explores bike’s potential, emphasizing the importance of developing infrastructure, involving the community in mobility planning, and promoting policies to maximize its benefits. The study employs a dual-pronged approach to investigate the complexities of integrating cycling into urban transportation systems. It applies a sociological perspective to identify and assess barriers to bike use and their relationship with urban characteristics. Using ordered probit models, factors such as road insecurity, linked to the lack of adequate bike infrastructure, and topography, are highlighted. Concurrently, an engineering perspective guides the design of cycling networks to cater to varied demand, user types (differentiated by bike ownership and vehicle type), and topographies, reflecting real-world conditions. The optimal bike network results from minimizing the general system costs, including both agency and user costs. For flat terrains, continuous approximation techniques optimize network efficiency and accessibility, considering the heterogeneous demand and various user types, based on bike ownership and travel chains. In contrast, for cities with varied topographies, discrete approaches incorporate topographical elements into the model. Network performance and structure are evaluated based on two route selection criteria based on vehicle type: minimizing energy for traditional bike users and minimizing time for e-bike users. This engineering perspective aims to develop cycling networks that are practical and responsive to the diverse needs of urban dwellers. The methods are empirically validated through case studies in Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador, showcasing their efficacy in developing adaptive bike networks tailored to diverse urban contexts, thereby significantly enhancing bike mobility across varied settings. The study's findings indicate that the network's layout, including lane spacing and station locations, is primarily influenced by the concentration of trip origins and destinations rather than topography. However, topography does affect route selection, which in turn influences flow distribution and infrastructure utilization. Moreover, the variation in trip distribution across different user types has a minimal impact on the network's lane configuration but significantly affects the number of bike-sharing stations and fleet size. The necessity for a safety stock at each station leads to an oversized fleet, increasing agency costs. Despite being an individual mode of transport, the study highlights that bike-sharing systems benefit from economies of scale. As demand increases and becomes more concentrated, the cost per user decreases, resulting in denser lane networks and improved network efficiency. E-bikes emerge as a viable solution for overcoming topographical barriers, offering a significant advantage in areas with steep slopes. For instance, where users of traditional bikes might need to walk, thereby increasing overall journey times, e-bike users experience reduced travel times and physical exertion, making e-bikes efficient in urban contexts with varied topographies. Future research directions and policy recommendations are proposed, highlighting the importance of a holistic and adaptive approach to bike mobility planning. This includes integrating diverse weather-related variables, exploring other personal mobility vehicles (PMVs), and employing robust datasets to inform sustainable urban transport strategies.