Smart Circular Business Model for Electric Vehicle Batteries : A Proposal of a Conceptual Framework

Transitioning to a circular economy for electric vehicle (EV) batteries requires both systemic circular business models (CBMs) innovation and practical implementation, where the 10R strategies (refuse,rethink, reduce, reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, reuse, recycle, and recover) provide more operational approaches within the battery lifecycle. Smart CBMs integrate digital technologies intoCBMs to enable real-time data use, automation, and optimization across the battery lifecycle.However, the understanding of how these technologies support CBMs, particularly regarding the 10R, lacks conceptual integration at strategic and operational levels. Hence, the study contributes to map the literature on smart circular business strategies for EV batteries and identifies five key dimensions for smart CBMs: digital technologies, battery ecosystem actors, service types and KPIs, policies, barriers and enablers, and 10R strategies. A conceptual framework is then proposed to illustrate how the interconnections support smart CBM development in the EV battery ecosystem.