Change in loneliness and subsequent cardiometabolic Multimorbidity among middle-aged and older adults: results from two east asian prospective cohorts

Changes in loneliness were associated with an increased risk of subsequent CMM in both China and South Korea, with the strongest associations observed among individuals experiencing persistent loneliness. These findings indicate that loneliness is a dynamic and potentially modifiable risk factor for cardiometabolic multimorbidity across different sociocultural contexts. Early identification and targeted interventions addressing loneliness may contribute to the prevention of CMM among middle-aged and older adults.