Normative data and standardized scores for sarcopenia indicators in middle-aged and older adults: a large screening-based cohort study

Sarcopenia, an age-related skeletal muscle disorder, is assessed by handgrip strength, gait speed, and muscle mass, yet population-specific reference data and standardized scores for Asian adults remain limited. We aimed to establish sex- and age-specific normative reference distributions, smoothed centile curves, and model-based standardized T scores for these indicators in Asian adults. We retrospectively analyzed adults aged ≥ 40 years attending a tertiary-center Adult Preventive Health Program in 2023–2024. To assess construct validity, we compared sarcopenia indicators across age groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Sex- and age-specific reference distributions were estimated using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS), from which smooth model-based age-specific centiles (5th–95th) were derived. Individual values were standardized to model-based Z scores and transformed to T scores on an approximate 100-point scale. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) cut-offs were used in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to determine corresponding T-score thresholds. Among 8095 participants, model-based mean handgrip strength, gait speed, and skeletal muscle mass were 20.03±5 kg, 1.12±0.37 m/s, and 6.93±1.43 kg/m² in women and 30.69±7.46 kg, 1.12±0.37 m/s, and 8.79±1.95 kg/m² in men. GAMLSS-derived centile curves demonstrated age-related declines in strength and gait speed and milder changes in muscle mass. AWGS cut-offs corresponded to T scores in the mid-40s for strength and gait and around 40–41 for muscle mass. We established sex- and age-specific normative values and GAMLSS-based reference distributions, and derived model-based Z and T scores that provide standardized sarcopenia metrics in Asian adults, align with AWGS thresholds, and support detection of muscle decline and risk stratification.