Правовое регулирование международной торговли криптографическими продуктами и технологиями: инструменты ВТО и региональные соглашения

International trade across borders increasingly relies on cryptographic technology, which plays a crucial role in securing online transactions and facilitating rapid cross-border payments. Additionally, cryptographic technology can be integrated into information and communication technology (ICT) products that are both exported and imported as part of trade in physical goods. A cryptographic product typically includes a cryptographic module, which means that software designed to create or regenerate keys or certificates can also be categorized as a cryptographic product. Despite the significant impact of cryptographic technology in transforming international trade, it remains uncertain whether digital products, including cryptographic ones, receive the same level of protection as their non-digital counterparts under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. Moreover, concerns regarding the equitable treatment, both domestically and internationally, of cryptographic products are on the rise. This has led to some countries imposing restrictions on the import and export of cryptographic technology, while others restrict the transfer of encrypted data, and still others prohibit or heavily regulate the use of encryption within their borders for security reasons. Consequently, many countries establish Regional Trade Agreements to address potential gaps or shortcomings in WTO Agreements and safeguard individuals' privacy and security. Therefore, this study is aimed at examining the safeguarding of cryptographic products within the framework of WTO agreements. This research employs normative legal research, which involves an in-depth review of existing literature and legal sources to collect the necessary information. The study relies on a range of secondary data sources, including primary documents, secondary literature, and legal documents.