Constructing BERT Models: How Team Dynamics and Focus Shape AI Model Impact

Abstract The rapid evolution of AI technologies, exemplified by BERT-family models, has transformed scientific research, yet little is known about their production and recognition dynamics in the scientific system. This study investigates the development and impact of BERT-family models, focusing on team size, topic specialization, and citation patterns behind the models. Using a dataset of 4,208 BERT-related papers from the Papers with Code (PWC) dataset, we analyze how the BERT-family models evolve across methodological generations and how the newness of models is correlated with their production and recognition. Our findings reveal that newer BERT models are developed by larger, more experienced, and institutionally diverse teams, reflecting the increasing complexity of AI research. Additionally, these models exhibit greater topical specialization, targeting niche applications, which aligns with broader trends in scientific specialization. However, newer models receive fewer citations, particularly over the long term, suggesting a “first-mover advantage,” where early models like BERT garner disproportionate recognition. These insights highlight the need for equitable evaluation frameworks that value both foundational and incremental innovations. This study underscores the evolving interplay between collaboration, specialization, and recognition in AI research.