High-frequency monitoring reveals rainfall-driven phosphorus and nitrogen concentration–discharge patterns and associated mechanisms

Key Points

• Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations fluctuate according to rainfall events, affecting aquatic ecosystems.
• Peak phosphorus levels were recorded at 2.5 mg/L during heavy rainfall, while nitrogen peaked at 5.0 mg/L.
• Observational analysis using high-frequency monitoring across multiple sites revealed important concentration patterns.
• The findings highlight the need for better water management strategies to mitigate nutrient runoff during storms.