Causal linkages in the water–food–energy nexus: household-level evidence from Punjab, Pakistan

Key Points

• Causal linkages are essential for managing resources effectively across the water, food, and energy sectors.
• Households in Punjab exhibit significant interactions among water use, food production, and energy consumption.
• Assessment of household-level evidence demonstrates complex interdependencies that inform policy and management.
• Findings indicate that improving one sector may have beneficial impacts on the others, highlighting the need for integrated approaches.