A promising biotic ligand model for predicting the phytotoxicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) during seawater intrusion: Roles of sulfate, chloride, and Cr(VI) species

Key Points

• Phytotoxicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) has significant environmental impacts, especially during seawater intrusion.
• A biotic ligand model was developed to assess interactions among sulfate, chloride, and Cr(VI) species.
• Findings emphasize the crucial role of competing ions in phytotoxic effects on marine life.
• Understanding these interactions could aid in environmental management and remediation strategies.