Chitosan nanoparticles act as effective inducers of transcriptional activation of plant defense markers in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mechanisms including ROS signaling, calcium influx, MAPK cascades, and PTI/ETI responses warrant further investigation.
Stimuli BSiAtMIiRGAUSI, Ahmeda RM, Alia HN, Majeeda AK, Alyasirib T, Amshaweec AM, Hussaind MA, Hasane AF, El-Wahshg HM, a (2026) studied this question.