Optimization of SWHs Using Nano Al2O3 Embedded Beeswax and 2% Hybrid Nano Coating by the Approach of Box–Behnken Design

Solar energy is a reliable and abundant resource for both heating and power generation. The current research examines how the novel class of nano-embedded beeswax phase change materials (NEBPCMs) improves heat storage qualities. The synthetic NEBPCMs were subjected to experimental testing using, XRD, beeswax and Al2O3 FESEM. A typical solar water heating system features a flat plate collector unit incorporating beeswax phase change material (NEBPCM) combined with varying concentrations of Al2O3 (0.01, 0.015, and 0.02%). The absorber plate surface is coated with a nano-hybrid coating consisting of black paint, Al2O3, and additional Fe3O4 at a 2% concentration. Pure water is frequently used in these solar water heaters (SWH), with performance evaluations conducted using different beeswax and Al2O3 concentrations of NEBPCM (beeswax + Al2O3). The system’s efficiency is assessed across different flow rates (60, 90, and 120 kg/h) and tilt angles (15, 30, and 45 deg). This study aims to examine the feasibility of using PCMs to store solar energy for night time water heating, ensuring a continuous supply of hot water maximum efficiency achieved by using NEBPCM in solar water heater 52.26% at a flow rate of 120 kg/h, at angle of 45 degrees and Concentration 0.015%.