Purpose: Hepatic artery embolization is a locoregional treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma that may modulate the tumor immune microenvironment. However, its effects on tumor-infiltrating cluster of differentiation 8-positive lymphocytes remain unclear. This study evaluates changes in tumor-infiltrating cluster of differentiation 8-positive lymphocytes following hepatic artery embolization in an orthotopic rat hepatocellular carcinoma model using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.
Takaki et al. (2026) studied this question.