This paper presents the RDAC model — a theoretical and experimental framework for understanding phase-transition-like performance jumps in multi-agent systems through four structural factors: Relational Density (D), Diversity (V), Stability (S), and Closure (C). Experimental results reveal a hierarchical causal structure: C as necessary condition, D as complexity-dependent amplifier, V as functional differentiator, and S as convergence maintainer. A supplementary V=0 experiment further revealed that D and V are orthogonal dimensions.
Masanao Ishikawa (2026) studied this question.
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