Percutaneous treatment of severe branch pulmonary stenosis in children who underwent branch pulmonary artery stenting in infancy: how to deal with stents that cannot be expanded to adult size - case reports

Abstract Background Current paediatric and congenital interventional cardiologists are increasingly dealing with patients who underwent branch pulmonary artery stenting during infancy and present with severe re-stenosis at follow-up due to reaching the limit of stent expansion because stent dimensions no longer match the distal vessel diameter. Case Summary We report two cases of older children who underwent branch pulmonary artery stenting in infancy where percutaneous re-stenting with adult-size stents relieved the stenosis completely, and has been employed as a lifelong strategy. Discussion Serial balloon angioplasty with high pressure balloons, planned re-stenting with adult-size stents before intentional fracture of the initially implanted stents, choosing the right timing and types of stents are parts of the treatment strategy that can be implemented successfully in many patients with branch pulmonary artery stenosis.