Chlorogenic acid as a novel bioactive and functional ingredient in the fabrication of biodegradable food packaging films

The use of environmentally friendly materials in food packaging films has gained attention for enhancing biopolymer stability and functionality. The performance of these films can be improved by modifying biopolymer molecules or blending them with additives like crosslinkers and bioactive substances. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) can crosslink biopolymer chains, creating a denser, cohesive structure that enhances the film's overall characteristics. This also adds active packaging features due to CGA's antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This review article discusses recent developments in incorporating CGA into packaging matrix materials. The article comprehensively analyzes various formulation methods, processing techniques, and CGA applications to enhance the efficiency of food packaging. It investigates how CGA can improve the structural and functional attributes of various biopolymer films. The potential of CGA to enhance mechanical strength, barrier properties, water solubility, and thermal stability, as well as its bioactive role, is emphasized. Particular focus is given to its interactions within the bio/polymer matrix and to its role in enabling the creation of safe, biodegradable, and efficient packaging solutions. Reports indicate that CGA crosslinking can be used in a wide range of packaging films, including those made from polysaccharides, proteins, and biodegradable polymers. This CGA crosslinking can enhance the performance of bio/polymer-based films. Optimal CGA concentration is around 1–4% w/w, depending on the polymer and application. It has been observed that the effect of CGA on the mechanical and physical properties of various films is primarily linked to the concentration of the additive and its mode of reaction, where the physical and chemical covalent crosslinking of CGA with bio/polymer molecules strengthens the network integrity of the films. Moreover, bio/polymer-based food packaging films and coatings crosslinked with CGA can extend the shelf life of food products due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. • First comprehensive review of chlorogenic acid crosslinking in biopolymer food packaging films. • CGA crosslinking improves mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of biodegradable films. • Dual functionality: structural enhancement plus antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. • CGA-crosslinked films extend food shelf-life while promoting sustainable packaging solutions.