Artificial Intelligence in Crowd Disaster Management: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies, Applications, and Future Directions

Abstract— Large crowds—such as those at religious events, concerts, or sporting venues—are prone to risks of crowd disasters including stampedes, panic-induced chaos, and congestion-related incidents, which constitute serious threats to public safety. Real-time monitoring, predictive analysis, and timely decision-making are key requirements for effective crowd disaster management to minimize risk and improve safety measures. In this field, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful solution, utilizing advanced technologies including machine learning, computer vision, and simulation models to assess and control crowd behaviour efficiently. This paper reviews the application of AI in crowd disaster management, including risk assessment, anomaly detection, evacuation planning, and emergency response. Live video feeds are analysed by AI-powered surveillance systems, which also predict potential hazards based on movement patterns. Through IoT devices, data can be instantly processed, enabling dynamic evacuation routing through knowledge-based evacuation systems. Robotic and drone technology combined with AI ensures that emergency responders can respond to situations as they unfold. Beyond disaster prevention, AI in crowd management improves emergency management processes and resource utilization. The role of AI is discussed in this paper, leading to the finding that it can improve safety, make evacuations more efficient, and reduce loss of life. By utilizing AI-driven intelligent systems, authorities can significantly enhance crowd control measures, creating safer and more organized environments for large gatherings.