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March 10, 2026Journal of the Endocrine SocietyOpen Access

Effects of exposure to ethinyl estradiol during pregnancy and lactation on the post-involution mammary gland

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Authors

JMJoshua P MogusPMPriyanka Maharaj-ChamaaLVLaura N. Vandenberg

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Overview

Evaluates how ethinyl estradiol exposure affects mammary gland features and growth in mice, suggesting potential impacts of endocrine disruptors.

Key Points

  • To assess the impact of ethinyl estradiol exposure during pregnancy and lactation on mammary gland structure and function.
  • Administered ethinyl estradiol (20 μg/kg/day) to CD-1 mice from day 9 of pregnancy until weaning.
  • Included a control group of unexposed nulliparous mice for comparison.
  • Evaluated mammary glands five weeks post-exposure for tissue architecture and immune cell populations.
  • EE2 exposure reduced epithelial volume in the mammary gland influenced by parity.
  • Found non-significant modest effects on functional components, with changes in macrophage and receptor cell populations.
  • Exposure restricted growth of both mothers and pups, delaying pup eye opening.

Cite This Study

Mogus et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69af95a470916d39fea4d5f3https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvag009
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