Timed vs. untimed lexicosemantic judgement task for measuring automatized phonological vocabulary knowledge

Given the critical role of phonological vocabulary in second language (L2) listening proficiency, scholars have increasingly focused on measuring not only the form–meaning mapping aspects of vocabulary knowledge but also the extent to which learners can access this knowledge accurately and promptly in real-time contexts. To assess the automatized dimension of vocabulary knowledge, we built upon prior efforts to develop the lexicosemantic judgment task (LJT). Study 1 successfully replicated previous findings, showing that LJT outcomes could be distinguished from measures of declarative vocabulary knowledge (meaning recognition) and that LJT exhibited relatively strong associations with general L2 listening proficiency, even when controlling for other influencing factors. To further refine the construct validity of LJT as a measure of automatized L2 knowledge, Studies 2 and 3 developed and tested a timed version of the LJT. The results of the timed LJT, compared to the untimed version in Study 1, revealed similar links with listening proficiency, suggesting that the effect of time pressure on performance may be relatively minor. The test materials are provided in various formats to facilitate future research and pedagogical applications.