A Preliminary Assessment of the Prevalence of Hikikomori and Modern-type Depression Traits in Taiwan

Abstract Background: Modern-type depression (MTD) and hikikomori, first identified in Japan, have been reported globally. Methods: We used an online survey to recruit 500 voluntary participants. We assessed them with the tools including the 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ-12), Tarumi’s MTD Trait Scale (TACS-22) and the Hikikomori Diagnostic Evaluation-Screening Form (HiDE-S). Results: The findings showed a prevalence of 1% for hikikomori, while tendencies toward MTD were observed in 30% of the sample. A significant difference was seen in TACS-22 scores among the three (non-hikikomori, hikikomori, and pre-hikikomori) groups based on the definitions provided by the HiDE-S ( p < 0.001). TACS-22 scores were significantly the highest among individuals in the pre-hikikomori group ( p < 0.001), whereas the non-hikikomori group showed the lowest scores. Conclusion: This study is the first published article to use a copy of a structured questionnaire to examine the prevalence of hikikomori and pre-hikikomori in Taiwan. TACS-22 scores were highest in the pre-hikikomori group, potentially indicating elevated psychological distress associated with transitional challenges.