A Narrative Review of the Metabolic Benefits of GLP-1 and GIP Receptor Agonists in Obesity

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dual GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists are highly effective therapies for overweight and obesity due to their potent ability to provide significant amounts of weight loss. There is also increasing evidence in their medium- to long-term benefits to metabolic outcomes in those with obesity, due to improvements in weight and glycemia, as well as direct action of GLP-1 on multiple organ systems. This narrative review examines the literature behind the metabolic effects in those with overweight and obesity, as well as the implications of long-term use in regard to the safety and cost-effectiveness of these agents. Improvement and prevention of metabolic disease with GLP-1 therapies remains promising, although studies of longer duration are required to further expand indications and confirm safety of therapy.