When Civilian Satellites Go to War: The Cybersecurity Perils of Dual-Use Space Technology

In recent years, there has been increased reliance on civilian satellites for military purposes. Within the realm of cybersecurity, this development has created a complex dual-use dilemma in space security. Traditionally, civilian space infrastructure like commercial communications, earth observation, and navigation satellites was developed and operated with non-military objectives in mind. However, there has been increasing integration of these systems into defence planning, intelligence gathering, and battlefield coordination, which has led to a blur in the distinction between civilian and military assets. This exposes civilian satellites to heightened cybersecurity threats, as rivals may choose to target them for purposes of degrading their military capabilities without engaging directly with overtly military systems. The problem is compounded by the absence of universally binding cybersecurity standards in outer space operations, the heterogeneity of commercial operators’ security practices, and the attribution challenges inherent in cyber conflict. International law, including the Outer Space Treaty and the law of armed conflict, provides limited guidance on how to classify and protect dual-use satellites in the cyber domain, leaving states and private actors in a legal grey zone. This paper examines the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of dual-use satellites, explores their implications for escalation risks and strategic stability, and assesses the shortcomings of these existing international norms. Drawing on case studies, legal analysis, and emerging technological trends, it proposes a set of policy and governance recommendations to enhance resilience, clarify responsibilities, and reduce the risk of civilian space assets becoming the front-line victims in cyber-enabled conflicts.