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March 19, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Two-Loop Beta Functions and the Self-Consistent GUT Scale from Foam Geometry

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LMLuke Alexander Martin

Key Points

  • This research aims to derive two-loop beta coefficients and establish a self-consistent GUT scale using foam geometry.
  • Derivation of beta coefficients from foam Casimir operators without free parameters.
  • Calculation of GUT scale by running three SM couplings simultaneously at two loops from M_Z.
  • Analysis of corrections to GUT scale compared to one-loop results.
  • Self-consistent GUT scale identified at M_GUT=1.50×10¹⁶ GeV.
  • The two-loop correction results in a 6.4-fold shift from the one-loop GUT scale.
  • Exact value of α_s(M_Z)=0.1179 is achieved from the GUT chain.

Abstract

The two-loop beta coefficients b₁QCD=26, b₁W=−11/3, b₁EM=352/27 are derived from foam Casimir operators CA=3, CF=4/3, CAW=2, nf=6 — all foam-derived, zero free parameters. Running all three SM couplings simultaneously at 2-loop from MZ gives a self-consistent GUT scale MGUT=1. 50×10¹⁶ GeV where αW=αₛ=1/46. The 2-loop correction shifts MGUT by a factor of 6. 4 from the 1-loop result, bringing it into agreement with the standard non-SUSY expectation. αₛ (MZ) =0. 1179 is reproduced exactly from the GUT chain. ΛQCD^ (5) =165 MeV (observed 210±14 MeV, 2. 9σ — limited by GUT boundary precision).

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Cite This Study

Luke Alexander Martin (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69bb92ae496e729e62980214https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19064416
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