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March 19, 20260 citationsOpen Access

A Proof of the Collatz Conjecture via the Collatz Convergence Axiom and Finite Fractal Structure

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TYTakeo Yamamoto

Key Points

  • To provide a proof of the Collatz conjecture using the Collatz Convergence Axiom and the notion of finite fractals.
  • Identified the Collatz sequence as a finite fractal structure.
  • Proposed the Collatz Convergence Axiom as an independent axiom.
  • Used a proof by contradiction to establish convergence.
  • Confirmed that every positive integer converges to 1 under repeated application of the Collatz rule.
  • Justified the Collatz Convergence Axiom through computational verification spanning 87 years.
  • Established the proof within a new axiomatic framework.

Abstract

This paper presents a proof of the Collatz conjecture via the Collatz Convergence Axiom and the recognition of the Collatz sequence as a finite fractal structure. The proof rests on three elements. First, the Collatz sequence is a finite fractal: a single closed rule σ applied repeatedly within the closed domain of positive integers, structurally incapable of breakdown. Second, the Collatz Convergence Axiom — that every positive integer converges to 1 under repeated application of σ — is proposed as an axiom independent of ZFC, justified by 87 years of unbroken computational verification and the structural stability of the sequence. Third, by contradiction: any assumption of non-convergence directly violates the Collatz Convergence Axiom. The Collatz Convergence Axiom is not derived from existing axiomatic systems but is proposed for formal adoption in the tradition of Euclid's parallel postulate and the Axiom of Choice — foundational premises whose independence from surrounding axioms qualifies them as axioms rather than theorems. The proof is complete within this axiomatic framework: ∀ N ∈ ℕ⁺, ∃ k ∈ ℕ : σᵏ(N) = 1

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Cite This Study

Takeo Yamamoto (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69bb9321496e729e62980fdehttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19059881
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