Design of Regulatory Function for Optimizing Consensus Quality in Public Blockchain with Dynamic Committees

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to design a regulation mechanism that maintains fair participation among nodes while preventing excessive influence from major nodes, thereby ensuring a stable and decentralized consensus process.Methods: To achieve this goal, we propose a two-stage dynamic regulation function based on a piecewise nonlinear saturation function. In the first stage, the proposed function adjusts the voting power of each node according to its stake size. In the second stage, we further control the voting power distribution to prevent cases in which the total voting power of major nodes exceeds   , which could allow a small number of major nodes to dominate the consensus outcome.Results: Experimental evaluations were conducted by comparing the proposed method with two baseline models: a no-regulation model and a square-root regulation function. The results showed that the proposed method achieved superior performance across all conditions, including various inequality intensities.Conclusion: In conclusion, the proposed two-stage dynamic regulation function effectively enhanced decentralization by increasing the participation ratio of minor nodes, while simultaneously maintaining consensus stability by restricting excessive dominance of major nodes in public blockchains with multiple dynamic committees. Through simulation results, we demonstrated that the proposed approach provides both high decentralization and stable consensus under diverse configurations.