Research on the Development of First-stage Engines for Foreign Active Liquid Rockets

To address the issues concerning the development and application of first-stage propulsion systems for liquid launch vehicles, this study focuses on the first-stage engines of active liquid rockets from major foreign spacefaring nations. It analyzes the technical scheme characteristics of 15 active liquid rocket engines from space powers such as the United States, Russia, Europe, and Japan and presents their main technical indicators. Furthermore, it summarizes the development trends of liquid rocket first-stage engines. On the development of first-stage engines for China liquid launch vehicles, the study puts forward suggestions including accelerating the development of high-thrust and high thrust-to-area ratio reusable liquid rocket engines, emphasizing iterative upgrading and improvement while in use, balancing the development of advanced technologies with engineering implementation, continuing to strengthen efforts in the liquid oxygen kerosene field based on existing foundations, pursuing the coordinated development of performance indicators, and carrying out throttling capacity simultaneously.