A Pharmacological Update of Acridine Derivatives: A Mini-Review

Abstract: Acridine and its derivatives have garnered considerable attention in medicinal chemistry due to their versatile pharmacological properties and structural adaptability. These planar tricyclic compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic effects. The ability of acridine derivatives to intercalate with DNA and interact with various biological targets such as topoisomerases, kinases, and enzymes has positioned them as promising candidates in drug discovery and therapeutic development. In recent years, structural modifications of the acridine core have led to the synthesis of novel analogues with improved potency, selectivity, and reduced toxicity. Hybrid molecules combining acridine with other pharmacophores have further enhanced their therapeutic potential by introducing multifunctional mechanisms of action. This review provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of the pharmacological advancements of acridine derivatives, highlighting their mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and prospects in modern drug development. Continued exploration of these compounds holds significant promise for the treatment of various human diseases.