The population distribution across Russia is driven by several demographic factors, including urbanization, rural depopulation, an aging demographic structure, and low birth rates. The key contributors to the decline of rural areas include youth out-migration to cities, stagnant agricultural production, limited access to social services, and ongoing demographic aging. This article provides a historical and statistical overview of the demographic shifts in Russia from 1897 to 2021, analyzing their impact on regional and national socio-economic development. Proposed measures to address these challenges include supporting birth rates in rural areas, developing the agro-industrial complex and infrastructure, and promoting such local initiatives as small businesses and rural tourism. In the long term, an effective state demographic and social policy could significantly bolster the country’s economic and social stability.
Kim et al. (2026) studied this question.