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March 28, 2026Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech

Acquisition of the German Rhotic by Children With Typical Versus Protracted Phonological Development

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Authors

BBBarbara May BernhardtAWAiming WuJSJoseph Paul Stemberger

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Overview

Describes rhotic acquisition differences in preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development, suggesting important implications for phonological research.

Key Points

  • The study aims to understand how preschoolers acquire the German rhotic and to compare outputs between children with typical and protracted phonological development.
  • Analyzed rhotic production in 48 preschoolers with varying phonological development.
  • Compared outputs to preliminary data from a standard German-speaking adult.
  • Examined frequency of variant and nonvariant outputs, focusing on clusters and multisyllabic words.
  • Both groups produced adult variants of the German rhotic but with lower frequency in younger children and those with protracted development.
  • Children with protracted phonological development had a greater range and frequency of nonvariant outputs, such as deletions and substitutions.
  • Findings indicate variability in acquisition based on developmental status, particularly in complex phonetic contexts.

Cite This Study

Bernhardt et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69c771988bbfbc51511e1939https://doi.org/10.3138/jmbs-27481-bernhardt
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