Distress Migration Among Tribal Communities in Rainfed Agricultural Regions: A Study of Western Tamil Nadu

Migration among tribal communities has become a significant socio-economic phenomenon in rainfed agricultural regions. Rainfed agriculture, which depends primarily on seasonal rainfall rather than irrigation, is characterized by uncertainty, low productivity, and vulnerability to climatic variations. These conditions often lead to unstable livelihoods for tribal farmers and agricultural labourers, forcing them to migrate in search of employment. This article examines the nature, causes, and consequences of tribal migration in rainfed areas. The study highlights that migration among tribal communities is largely seasonal and survival-oriented. The lack of livelihood opportunities, land insecurity, unemployment, and restrictions on forest resources are the major factors driving migration. The article also discusses the social consequences of migration, including disruptions in education, cultural displacement, and economic exploitation. Finally, it suggests that strengthening rainfed agriculture, ensuring land rights, and promoting livelihood opportunities through minor forest produce and rural employment schemes can reduce distress migration among tribal communities.