Role of Transition Metals in Catalysis of Inorganic Chemistry

Transition metals play a central role in inorganic catalysis due to their variable oxidation states, coordination flexibility, electronic configurations, and ability to form complex intermediates. Their catalytic behavior spans homogeneous, heterogeneous, organometallic, and bioinorganic systems. From industrial processes such as the Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis and hydrogenation reactions to enzymatic redox systems in biological organisms, transition metals serve as key catalytic centers. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the structural, electronic, mechanistic, industrial, and environmental aspects of transition metal catalysis in inorganic chemistry. It also evaluates theoretical models, kinetic studies, ligand field effects, and future research directions.