To study inherent features of coating growth by the cold spraying method, we have constructed a continual physico-mathematical model which takes into account the possibility of collisions of particles of the material being deposited with the substrate (coating) surface at various angles. Calculation of coating formation on a substrate with a wavy surface profile at a constant nozzle velocity has shown that there are different deposition conditions on descending and ascending parts of the substrate surface. Calculations taking into account a nozzle tilt forward and backward with respect to the direction of its motion have demonstrated that there is an optimal tilt angle which ensures the largest coating thickness (the highest deposition efficiency).
Klinkov et al. (2025) studied this question.