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March 29, 2026Learning and InstructionOpen Access

The mind, not the pen: Deep notetaking instruction enhances lecture understanding by mitigating overestimation bias

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Authors

MLMengsi LiuYUYuri Uesaka

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Overview

Experimental study examines deep notetaking's impact on understanding in mathematics, indicating it reduces overestimation bias.

Key Points

  • This study evaluates how deep notetaking instruction affects understanding in mathematics by addressing overestimation bias.
  • Experimental design with 94 high school students
  • Random assignment to four groups in a 2x2 factorial design
  • Comparison of deep notetaking instruction AND notetaking medium (textbook vs. notebook)
  • Two-way ANOVA to analyze knowledge post-tests
  • Deep notetaking instruction significantly improved mathematics test scores (η p2 = .07)
  • No significant effects from using textbooks for notetaking
  • Deep notetaking mitigated overestimation bias, enhancing understanding
  • Note quality did not mediate the effectiveness of deep notetaking

Cite This Study

Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69c8c195de0f0f753b39bf53https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102360
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