Urban areas face increasing challenges from climate change, including flooding, heat stress, and environmental degradation. To address these, Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) offer sustainable approaches, integrating ecological and engineering principles to enhance resilience. However, the implementation of NBS often leads to lock-in effects, where suboptimal initial decisions limit future flexibility. This study presents a prioritization system for NBS implementation, ensuring maximum long- term benefits while avoiding costly redesigns. The proposed framework is informed by real-world implementations from the Interreg Central Baltic MUSTBE (2023) and LIFE LATESTAdapt (2022) projects, incorporating multi-objective performance indicators (MOPI) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The results highlight that early-stage decision-making significantly influences the long-term viability and economic efficiency of NBS investments. Case studies demonstrate how flexible design choices and adaptive planning approaches lead to more cost-effective, multi-functional solutions. By integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations, this research provides a practical guide for urban planners and policymakers to optimize NBS strategies while ensuring long-term sustainability.
Kõiv et al. (2026) studied this question.