The expanding landscape of adipokines: emerging roles of PAI-1 and vaspin in cardiometabolic diseases

Cardiometabolic diseases are chronic conditions arising from the common pathophysiology of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders accompanied by risk factors such as insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension. In recent years, the relationship between adipokines such as PAI-1 and vaspin and these diseases has attracted increasing interest. PAI-1 increases cardiovascular risks by inhibiting fibrinolysis, and high PAI-1 levels are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Vaspin, on the other hand, may have an inhibitory effect on the development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome by increasing insulin sensitivity. Considering the effects of dietary and lifestyle factors on these molecules, PAI-1 and vaspin are thought to have potential as early biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, conflicting findings in the literature necessitate further research. Alongside lifestyle interventions based on healthy eating and exercise, changes in PAI-1 and vaspin levels show promise as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prevention of cardiometabolic disorders and the development of personalized treatment strategies. Further research is required to better clarify the molecular mechanisms regulating PAI-1 and vaspin and to determine their potential clinical applications in the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases.