This study systematically analyzed the dynamic changes of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins in breast milk across different lactation stages. Using data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based quantitative proteomics, a total of 6445 MFGM proteins were identified. The total amount of MFGM proteins showed a significant decline over time. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed that breast milk MFGM not only provides nutritional support but also plays multifunctional roles in regulating infant immunity, neurodevelopment, and gut health. Colostrum, rich in immuno-related proteins such as lactoferrin and IgA, facilitates gut microbiota colonization and establishes the newborn immune barrier. Transitional milk and mature milk progressively shift toward nutritional support and health maintenance, aligned with infant developmental stages. Through comprehensive analytical approaches, this study thoroughly elucidated the dynamic patterns of functional components in breast milk, providing a reference for optimizing the precise nutritional formulation of infant formula.
Zhao et al. (2026) studied this question.