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April 1, 2026Open Access

Evolution from Make-to-Order to Make-to-Forecast Production : Comparative Study of Subcontracting in France and Japan in the 1990s

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Authors

YNYoichiro Nakagawa

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Overview

Comparative study shows differing subcontracting models in France and Japan, indicating operational implications.

Key Points

  • The study explores the differences between French make-to-order and Japanese make-to-forecast production models.
  • Comparative analysis of subcontracting practices in France and Japan during the 1990s
  • Examination of pricing strategies and profit determination
  • Assessment of effectiveness in uncertain consumer markets
  • France's make-to-order model relies on cost aggregation and prior profit assessment.
  • Japan's make-to-forecast model maintains consistent pricing, promoting adaptability to market fluctuations.
  • The Japanese system's success hinges on quality, delivery, and trust among subcontractors.

Cite This Study

Yoichiro Nakagawa (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69cd7ab35652765b073a8116https://doi.org/10.24789/0002003440
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Also Consider

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  1. 1The Subcontract Act in Japan: risk trends and compliance responses of Japanese companies2026
  2. 2Comparing and Improving the Performance of Multinational Subcontractors in Metalworking – A Comparative Case Study2025
  3. 3Understanding the Offshore Mixed Sourcing Strategy: A Case Study of a Japanese Affiliated Apparel Factory in China2026
  4. 4Horizontal subcontracting and the global factory2024 · 3 citations
  5. 5Understanding the Effect of Subcontracting Practices among Manufacturing Firms in a Developing Economy: Lessons from Kenya2025