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April 3, 20260 citationsOpen Access

The Scientific Evidence — Bradford Hill Criteria, p-value and Mathematics Applied to the Cause of Cancer — Comparison of All Etiological Theories

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LILuciano Imbimbo

Key Points

  • This research aims to compare the main etiological theories of cancer using statistical analysis and Bradford Hill criteria.
  • Systematic application of Bradford Hill criteria to cancer theories
  • Utilized standard statistical tests, including Chi² and Mann-Whitney U
  • Compared genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and viral theories
  • Viral theory satisfied all 27 Bradford Hill criteria across three series
  • Chi² value of 81.4 (p<0.0001), indicating strong evidence
  • Hazard ratio (HR) of 0.48 (p<0.001), showing a significant association

Abstract

This document systematically applies Bradford Hill criteria and standard statistical tests to the four main etiological theories of cancer: genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and viral. Results show that the viral thesis quantitatively surpasses all alternative theories: 27/27 Bradford Hill criteria satisfied across 3 independent series, Chi²=81.4 (p<0.0001), HR=0.48 (p<0.001), Mann-Whitney U=0 (p<0.001). No theory on the cause of cancer has ever reached these values in the history of medicine. Data belong to international peer-reviewed literature (Lancet, JAMA, NEJM, IARC).

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Cite This Study

Luciano Imbimbo (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69cf5fe05a333a821460eaa3https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19370275
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1The Scientific Evidence — Bradford Hill Criteria, p-value and Mathematics Applied to the Cause of Cancer — Comparison of All Etiological Theories2026
  2. 2VIRUS = CANCER: 27 Bradford Hill criteria satisfied, chi² = 847, HR = 0.48, H = 10.8 — no alternative theory withstands statistical comparison2026
  3. 3Year 2026. Cancer is essentially viral. All 9 Bradford Hill criteria satisfied 3 times.2026
  4. 4Evaluating the Association between Human Papillomavirus and Vulvar Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis Using Bradford Hill Criteria2024
  5. 5CANCER IS PREDOMINANT LY VIRAL2026