Analysis and assessment of surface water quality in Al-Habbaniyah, Iraq

Water quality is a crucial factor affecting human health in arid and semi-arid regions. The Al-Habbaniyah area includes two important sources of surface water: Lake Habbaniyah and the Euphrates River. To assess water quality, surface-water samples were collected and analyzed. Relative precision and deviation (E%, T%) were adopted for interpretation. Physical properties that significantly influence water quality, including color, odor, taste, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity, were analyzed. Most water samples (R1, R2, R3, L1, L2, L3, Ch1, Ch2) were grouped into three categories according to the USDA irrigation water-quality assessment diagrams. The results demonstrated that most natural water sources contain cations and anions in chemical equilibrium. The study concludes that surface water is suitable for irrigation and drinking, provided that drinking water is treated to remove naturally occurring iron and manganese ions. Irrigation water requires management to control sodium and salinity risks. Integrated management of surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes is recommended to address water problems. Additionally, the Piper diagram indicated that all samples belong to Class I, Category V.