Traditional x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) relies upon a direct mapping between the photoelectron binding energies and the local chemical environment, which is well characterized by an electrostatic partial charges (PC) model for systems in equilibrium. However, the extension of this technique to out-of-equilibrium systems has been hampered by the lack of x-ray sources capable of accessing multiple atomic sites with high spectral and temporal resolution, as well as the lack of simple theoretical procedures to interpret the observed signals. In this work we employ XPS with a narrow band femtosecond x-ray probe to unravel different ultrafast dissociation processes of a polyatomic molecule, fluoromethane (CH3F). We demonstrate that the PC model can be successfully applied to describe the C-F and C-H dissociation dynamics after strong-field ionization, with excellent agreement between experimental measurements and ab initio simulations. These results enable the application of this technique to out-of-equilibrium systems of higher complexity, by correlating real-time information from multiple atomic sites and interpreting the measurements through a viable theoretical modeling.
Rivas et al. (Thu,) studied this question.