Abstract Background: Tarlatamab, a Delta-like ligand (DLL3)/CD3-targeted bispecific T-cell engager (TCE) is FDA approved in patients (pts) with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), after progression on frontline chemoimmunotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the immune cell profile in pts who received this therapy in standard-of-care (SOC) practice with progression free survival (PFS) less than and greater than two months (mo). Methods: Patients who received tarlatamab at Mayo Clinic Rochester and consented to immuno phenotyping of blood are included in the present study. Immune phenotyping was performed on whole blood by flow cytometry and analyzed by Kaluza. Data analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel and PRISM. Results: Eighteen patients with median age 64 (range 37-79) were included in the study. 66% of our cohort were women and 83% had present or past history of smoking, with an average of 40 pack years (range 26-60). With a median follow-up of 2 months, the median PFS for the cohort was 1.5 mo (range 0.33-2.76 months). 61% (13/18) of patients had PFS 2mo. 39% (5/18) had PFS2mo and of which, three patients had partial response with one maintaining stable disease and one patient with mixed response. At baseline (BL), there were no difference in T cell, CD4 or CD8 cell count between patients in the PFS2mo and PFS2mo groups. Patients with PFS2mo had higher exhausted CD8 T cells compared to those in the PFS2mo group (CD8+PD1+TIGIT+CD57+, PFS3mo vs 3mo, cells/mL: 7.14±4.28, 1.58±1.37, p=0.009). Additionally, when analyzing the B-cell population, the PFS2mo group had lower percentage of B cells compared to the group with PFS2mo at baseline (6.0±7.5, 10.4±14, p=0.02). At day 7, the group with PFS2mo had lower Treg compared to the group with PFS2mo (2.88±1.38, 4.60±1.47, p=0.02). Also, the PFS2mo group had an increase of B cells compared to the group with PFS2mo at day 7(2mo vs 2mo: 10.0±14, 4.37±3.07, p=0.04). Finally, the group with PFS2mo had decrease in total monocytes (mono), classical mono, and immunosuppressive cells (PFS2mo vs 2mo, Mono: 340±347, 253±106, p=0.04. Classical mono: 305±283, 155±109, p=0.02. CD14+HLA-DRneg: 105.8±96, 12±39, p=0.03) compared to the group with PFS2mo by day 7. While no changes were seen between BL and day 7 for intermediate mono in PFS2mo group, PFS2mo group had decreased post treatment intermediate monocytes (BL vs day 7, cells/mL, intermed mono: 32.5±15,17.7±6.2, p=0.03). Conclusion: In this study investigating the SOC outcomes of tarlatamab, early progression was associated with higher presence of exhausted CD8 T cells, B cells, and immunosuppressive monocytes. Analysis of additional patients will be shared at AACR meeting. Citation Format: Dhauna Karam Prasad, Andre De Menezes Silva Corraes, Malvika Gupta, Audrey Ma, Chen Wu, Zuoyi Shao, Kevin Reagan, Rayaan Kamal, Ashley Potter, Abdullah Al-Ajmi, Syeda Mina, Sykler J. Taylor, Antonious Hazim, Anastasios Dimou, Kaushal Parikh, Mohammed Shanshal, Ailsa Luce, Anna Schwecke, Julian Molina, Aaron Mansfield, Katherine Smith, Lucy Holmes, Haidong Dong, Yi Lin, Konstantinos Leventakos. Immune cell profile changes in patients treated with tarlatamab for extensive stage small cell lung cancer in real world practice abstract. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2026; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2026 Apr 17-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2026;86(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 3931.
Prasad et al. (2026) studied this question.