We engineered a compact methanol steam reforming (MSR) system tailored to power a 1 kW High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cell. The unit integrates an evaporator, reformer, and burner within a cylindrical titanium-alloy vacuum flask to minimize parasitic heat loss. Guided by an Artificial Intelligence Complex System Response (AICSR) framework, we developed a segmented catalyst architecture that positions an optimized Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst downstream of a commercial Cu–Zn catalyst bed. This spatial configuration reduces palladium consumption by >50% while maintaining a hydrogen generation rate of 8000 sccm at 250 °C. During a 40 h stability test, the system exhibited a low deactivation rate of 0.235% h−1, with methanol conversion decaying gradually from 98.1% to 88.7%. The downstream PdZn intermetallic phase actively promoted the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction, restricting CO concentration to an average of 3.9% (minimum 2.5%). Achieving a system thermal efficiency of 88.589% and a 20 min startup time, this design validates AI-assisted spatial catalyst distribution as a highly viable strategy for compact hydrogen generation.
Tseng et al. (2026) studied this question.