Using the Tsallis Blast-Wave (TBW) model, we evaluate the transverse momentum spectra of protons and deuterons emitted in p-Pb collisions at Formula: see text=8.16 TeV in different multiplicity classes. Two distinctive dynamical regimes are distinguished by looking at the multiplicity reliance on key parameters, including the non-extensive parameter (Formula: see text), the transverse flow velocity (Formula: see text), and the kinetic freeze-out temperature (Formula: see text). The system exhibits larger deviations from equilibrium (higher Formula: see text), a lower Formula: see text, and stronger collective flow in high-multiplicity collisions, which are a hallmark of a prolonged, QGP-like phase. Low-multiplicity events, on the other hand, exhibit a gradual shift toward thermal equilibrium with weaker flow, a higher Formula: see text, and values of Formula: see text that are near to unity. These outcomes constrain the equation of state, exposing soft (hadronic) and stiff (QGP) behaviors across different multiplicities.
Waqas et al. (2026) studied this question.