The development of a 3D model based on digital twin for campus master plan optimization

Digital twin technology is rapidly emerging as a transformative tool in urban and campus planning, enabling the creation of dynamic, data-driven replicas of physical environments. By integrating real-time data, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Building Information Modeling (BIM), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, digital twins enable enhanced land optimization, scenario simulation, and informed decision-making. Their application in higher education institutions (HEIs) campuses offers unique opportunities for sustainable development, operational efficiency, and strategic expansion, yet remains underutilized, particularly within the Saudi Arabian context. This study aims to develop a 3D map model based on digital twin technology to support master plan optimization in a Saudi university. The methodology entails 3D Map development of a selected portion of a Saudi university as the bedrock for campus master plan optimization and smart planning. It involved collecting spatial and attribute data, which was then processed and structured using ArcGIS Pro, and visualized through CesiumJS as a web-based interactive platform. The final output is a 3D model that supports real-time navigation, simulation of land use scenarios, and the integration of new infrastructure layers, offering campus planners and HEIs stakeholders a pragmatic tool for evaluating and optimizing different development strategies. The findings demonstrate that digital twin-based 3D models significantly enhance campus planning by improving visualization, data integration, and decision-making processes. In light of the growing challenges of spatial efficiency and sustainable HEI campus planning, this study highlights the potential of digital twin frameworks integrated with GIS, BIM, and IoT.