Ethnographic Landscape of the Last Danubian Neolithic Communities in the Polish Lowlands (4350–4000 bce ): A Case Study of Two Neighbouring Villages

Abstract This article aims to analyse the formation of the Brześć Kujawski culture (4350–4000 bce ) through the lens of ethnogenesis, which refers to the creation of a new ethnic identity. The authors employ the concept of the ethnographic landscape to describe the material and contextual environment in which this process occurred. By conducting a comparative analysis of two central settlements, Osłonki 1 and Brześć Kujawski 4, located 8 km apart, the authors explore the formation of new communities. The proximity of these villages, facilitating everyday interactions, is assumed to provide insights into the similarities and differences characterizing the ethnogenesis process. Similarities arise from bonds that enhance security, while differences persist as expressions of past heritage. This approach aims to deepen the understanding of changes in the Polish Lowlands’ ethnographic landscape and uncover processes of creating new social networks driven by interregional migrations, copper exchange and the assimilation of hunter-gatherer groups.