Reconstruction of diagrams ("schemology") as an important direction in semiotic and humanitarian studies

The article discusses and justifies a new scientific discipline called "schemology" by the author. Schemology is a direction of semiotic and humanitarian studies that examines schemes as key tools for understanding and mastering reality. The author further develops the concept of a scheme proposed in an earlier work, clarifying the scheme as a special reconstruction that not only describes phenomena but also allows for the identification of problematic situations, characterizes a new reality, and conditions action. The article contrasts "quasi-schemes" (for example, mythological narratives that are not recognized as semiotic constructions) and schemes that are more characteristic of developed cultures. In the latter, a distinction is made between the schemes themselves and the phenomena that can be schematized with their help. In contemporary culture, both quasi-schemes and simple schemes are invented and used. Through materials from philosophy (Plato, Kant, G.P. Shchedrovitsky), psychology (C. Jung), and everyday practices (metro schemes), it is shown that schematization is a fundamental mechanism of creativity, thinking, and problem-solving, regardless of whether it is recognized (explicit schemes) or remains latent. The conclusion is drawn about the universal role of schemes in cognition, communication, and the organization of human activity. The signs of the effectiveness of schemes are identified. A scheme can be considered effective if it appears to the user as resolving a problem situation of interest to the individual and the social collective. It should be clear and convincing for the audience (an individual and the community) to which the scheme is presented. It is operational in terms of usage (for example, as a metro scheme, or in ancient times, as an explanation of an eclipse by the attack of a mystical beast on the sun or moon). It is effective concerning new actions in the context of existing practices (the eclipse has ended, the metro scheme has proven itself well for city dwellers' trips around the city). It is independent of other schemes (but not always). It is meaningful precisely as a scheme.