A Novel Homozygous Truncating CD8A Variant (p.Arg107Ter) in a Patient with Recurrent Sinopulmonary Infections: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background: CD8A-related CD8α deficiency (Immunodeficiency 116) is a rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by absent CD8+ T cells and variable sinopulmonary disease. Case Presentation: A seven-year-old boy from a consanguineous family was referred for chronic wet cough and “uncontrolled asthma” despite being prescribed high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast. He was hospitalized seven times over a two-year period for presumed asthma exacerbations complicated by pneumonia. An examination revealed bilateral crackles without wheezing. Throat culture tested positive for Haemophilus influenzae. CT imaging showed signs of chronic rhinosinusitis (maxillary mucosal thickening) and chronic airway disease with bronchiectatic changes. The patient’s immunoglobulin levels were within normal ranges for his age group. Flow cytometry revealed profound CD8+ T-cell lymphopenia (CD8+ 0. 21%; 11 cells/µL; near-absent after excluding dual-positive cells) with expansion of CD3+CD4−CD8− T cells (29. 5%). CD8A gene sequencing identified a novel homozygous nonsense variant NM₀01768. 7: c. 319C>T (p. Arg107Ter; GRCh38: chr2: 86790412G>A), consistent with loss of CD8α and secondary loss of CD8β surface expression. A literature review identified three previously reported symptomatic patients (and two asymptomatic sisters in the first family), all with recurrent respiratory infections and variable structural lung disease. Conclusions: This case highlights CD8A deficiency as a rare mimic of pediatric asthma and expands the genotype spectrum with a truncating CD8A variant. Early lymphocyte immunophenotyping in children with recurrent sinopulmonary infections may prevent delayed diagnosis and progressive airway damage.